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🇬🇧 United Kingdom

UK visas from Pakistan, filed against the rule book that changes every quarter

The Home Office has rewritten the UK immigration playbook three times since the start of 2024. The Skilled Worker salary floor moved from £26,200 to £38,700. The Shortage Occupation List became the Immigration Salary List. Going rates by SOC 2020 code were rebased. Spouse visa income threshold rose from £18,600 to £29,000. Student visa dependants closed for most master's courses. I read every Statement of Changes UKVI publishes, and my files go in under the rule in force on the day we click submit, not last year's rule.

At a glance

United Kingdom immigration in four numbers

Authority
UK Visas & Immigration
Visa types
Points-based
Min. salary (SW)
£38,700
ILR after
5 years
The law in plain English

How the UK system actually works in 2026

Since 2021 the UK runs a points-based immigration system. Every applicant must score a minimum number of points across mandatory and tradeable categories. For the Skilled Worker route that's 50 mandatory points (job offer from a licensed sponsor, role at RQF level 3 or above, English at CEFR B1) plus 20 tradeable points from one of six combinations. The two most common combinations for Pakistani applicants are Option A (salary at or above the general going rate of £38,700) and Option F (new entrant route, salary at 70% of the going rate plus £30,960 floor, for applicants under 26 or recent UK graduates).

Recent changes matter more than first-time applicants realise. From April 2024 the general salary threshold rose to £38,700, an effective 48% increase over the previous £26,200. The Going Rates table by SOC 2020 code was simultaneously rebased using updated ONS data, so even at £38,700 you may not clear the threshold for your specific job role. The Shortage Occupation List was replaced by the Immigration Salary List with a 20% discount on the going rate for roles that remain on it. From January 2024 most students can no longer bring dependants, with PhDs and government-sponsored postgrad research the only exceptions. From May 2025 the care worker route was further restricted: new applicants must already be in the UK on another route or working for the same sponsor.

Settlement, called Indefinite Leave to Remain or ILR, becomes available after five years of continuous residence on most work and family routes. The continuous-residence rule is strict: no more than 180 days absent in any rolling 12-month period across the qualifying five years. The Innovator Founder route allows ILR in three years if two of seven business tests are met. Spouses of British citizens reach ILR at 5 years, and can apply for British citizenship one year after that. Other naturalisation paths require one year of ILR plus passing the Life in the UK Test and English at CEFR B1. Britain permits dual citizenship without restriction.

Study visas

Study routes for United Kingdom

University admissions, financial requirements and post-study options under current law.

Student visa (formerly Tier 4)

Applicants 16+ with an unconditional offer from a Home Office-licensed sponsor on the Student route.

Duration
Course length + 4 months
Maintenance (London)
£1,483 / mo
Maintenance (rest)
£1,136 / mo
English
B1 (B2+ for most degrees)
Work rights
20 hrs/wk term-time
  • Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies (CAS) issued by sponsor and used within 6 months
  • Funds held for 28 consecutive days; statement dated within 31 days of application
  • Tuition for first academic year may be deducted from maintenance if already paid
  • ATAS certificate for some STEM postgrad courses

Graduate visa (post-study work)

No sponsor needed

Graduates of UK higher education institutions on a Student visa, applied for from within the UK.

Duration
2 years (3 for PhD)
Salary requirement
None
Sponsor needed
No
Switching
Switch to Skilled Worker freely
Family
Existing dependants can extend
  • Must apply before Student visa expires
  • Cannot extend Graduate visa or use it as a path to ILR on its own
  • Salary doesn't count toward Skilled Worker going rate while on Graduate route

Child Student visa

Ages 4 to 17 attending an independent fee-paying school in the UK.

Duration
Up to 6 years
Sponsor
Licensed independent school
Maintenance
£1,560 / mo London (boarder lower)
Carer route
Parent of a Child Student under 12
Work rights
From age 16, part-time only
Work visas

Work and skilled-migration routes for United Kingdom

Sponsored, points-based and self-employment routes with the salary floors that apply this year.

Skilled Worker visa

ILR after 5 yrs

Applicants with a job offer from a Home Office-licensed sponsor at RQF level 3 or above.

Duration
Up to 5 years per CoS, renewable to ILR
Min. salary
£38,700 (general going rate)
English
B1 CEFR
IHS surcharge
£1,035 / yr per adult
Path to ILR
5 years
  • Going rate must be met for the role's SOC 2020 code; check the Immigration Salary List for shortage discounts
  • New entrants (under 26, recent graduates, or postdoc) can claim a 30% salary discount for up to 4 years
  • Dependants allowed: partner needs proof of cohabitation for 2+ years (or marriage); children under 18
  • Visa fee scales with length; standard processing 3 weeks, priority service available

Health and Care Worker visa

Doctors, nurses, paramedics and certain care workers with offers from NHS, NHS supplier or registered providers.

Duration
Up to 5 years
Min. salary
£29,000 (depends on role)
IHS
Exempt
Visa fee
Discounted to £284–£551
English
OET or IELTS as set by regulator
  • NMC, GMC, GDC or HCPC registration must be in place or in progress
  • Care workers (SOC 6135 / 6136) must work for a CQC-registered provider in England
  • Same ILR clock (5 years) as the main Skilled Worker route

Global Talent visa

ILR in 3 yrs (some)

Recognised leaders or promising talent in academia, arts, digital tech or research, endorsed by a designated body (Royal Society, Tech Nation successor, Arts Council, etc.).

Duration
Up to 5 years per grant
Endorsement
Required
Min. salary
None
ILR
3 yrs (exceptional talent), 5 yrs (promise)
Sponsor
Not required
  • No employer tie; you can switch jobs and even leave employment without affecting status
  • Family members eligible to join with full work rights

Senior or Specialist Worker (Global Business Mobility)

Intra-company transferees being moved to a UK branch by an overseas employer.

Duration
5 yrs in any 6 yrs (9 for high earners)
Min. salary
£48,500 or going rate
Sponsor licence
GBM sub-category
ILR
Not a direct route
Cooling-off
12 months after max stay
Residence & settlement

Family, residence and citizenship routes for United Kingdom

From the first long-stay visa to permanent residence and naturalisation.

Spouse / Partner visa

Spouses, civil partners and unmarried partners of British citizens or those with ILR.

Duration
2.5 yrs + 2.5 yrs + ILR
Min. income
£29,000 / yr
Savings alt.
£88,500
English
A1 (A2 at renewal, B1 at ILR)
Path to ILR
5 yrs
  • Genuine and subsisting relationship test at every stage of the 10-year route
  • Savings can be combined with income at specific ratios in the rules
  • Pre-2024 sponsors on £18,600 retain that threshold for renewals

Innovator Founder visa

Founders of innovative, viable, scalable UK businesses endorsed by an approved body.

Duration
3 yrs, renewable
Investment floor
None (since 2023)
Endorsement
Mandatory
ILR criteria
Two of seven tests at 3 yrs
English
B2 CEFR
  • Contact points with endorsing body at 12 and 24 months
  • Self-employment outside the founded business is permitted

UK Ancestry visa

Commonwealth citizens with a grandparent born in the UK, Channel Islands or Isle of Man.

Duration
5 yrs
Sponsor
Not required
Work rights
Any work, self-employed or employed
ILR
After 5 yrs
English
Not required

Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR)

Path to citizenship

Anyone who has completed the qualifying period on most work, family or ancestry routes.

Duration
Permanent (subject to absence rules)
Continuous residence
≤180 days absent / yr
Life in UK test
Required
English
B1 CEFR
Naturalisation
+1 year after ILR
  • ILR can be lost if you spend more than 2 years continuously outside the UK
  • Returning Resident visa available for those who lose ILR with ties retained
Documents

UK visa documents we collect for every file

Specific items the consulate, ministry or Questura will require. Apostille and sworn translation are nearly always part of the workflow.

  • Current passport with at least one blank page
  • Old passports if they contain prior UK visas or refusals
  • CAS (Student) or Certificate of Sponsorship (Skilled Worker)
  • Bank statements covering the 28-day or 6-month window for the route
  • Academic qualifications with Ecctis statement where required
  • English test from a UKVI-approved provider (IELTS for UKVI, PTE Academic UKVI, etc.)
  • TB test certificate from an IOM-approved clinic (Pakistan and other listed countries)
  • Marriage and birth certificates for family routes, with apostille if issued abroad
  • Police clearance for certain Skilled Worker roles (education, healthcare)
  • Sponsor's payslips, P60s and bank statements for spouse/partner files
Law updates

Recent UK immigration changes you should know

Immigration law changes faster than guidebooks. We track each update and adjust client files accordingly.

  1. January 2024Student visa dependants restricted to PhD candidates and government-sponsored postgrad research only.
  2. April 2024Skilled Worker minimum salary raised from £26,200 to £38,700 (going rate baseline). Shortage Occupation List replaced by the Immigration Salary List.
  3. April 2024Spouse / Partner minimum income raised from £18,600 to £29,000. Planned rise to £38,700 paused under review.
  4. April 2024Immigration Health Surcharge increased to £1,035 per adult per year, £776 for children and students.
  5. May 2025Care worker route restricted: new applicants must be already in the UK on another route or working for the same sponsor.
Compare destinations

Looking at countries other than United Kingdom?

Each country has its own thresholds, timelines and trade-offs. Compare side by side.

APAC

Australia

Skilled Migration via SkillSelect with points-based Subclass 189, 190 and 491 pathways. Subclass 500 Student visa with post-study work rights. Permanent residence in 36 months for occupations on the Department of Home Affairs Skilled Occupation List.

EU

Ireland

Fastest realistic path to an EU passport. Critical Skills Employment Permit to Stamp 4 in 21 months, naturalisation in 5 of last 9 years, dual citizenship allowed.

AMER

Canada

Express Entry Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS) for Skilled Worker, Canadian Experience Class and Federal Skilled Trades. Provincial Nominee Programs across Ontario, BC, Alberta. Study permit with PGWP post-graduation work permit up to 3 years.

AMER

United States

F-1 Student visa with OPT and STEM OPT extension. H-1B Specialty Occupation lottery, EB-2 NIW for exceptional ability, EB-3 Skilled Worker. Diversity Visa Lottery for Pakistani nationals each fiscal year. B-1/B-2 Visit visa with rigorous interview standards.

EU

Sweden

Migrationsverket-administered work permits with no labour market test. SEK 28,480/month minimum salary, certified-employer fast-track decisions, permanent residence after 4 of last 7 years.

EU

Italy

Decreto Flussi click-day work quotas, EU Blue Card outside the quota system at ~€33,500, Investor Visa from €250,000, and Elective Residence for retirees with passive income.

APAC

South Korea

D-2 Student visa for Korean universities and KGSP scholarships. E-7 Specialised Activities visa for skilled workers, D-10 Job Seeker visa for graduates of Korean institutions. Permanent residence via F-2 long-stay route after 5 years.

EU

Hungary

Stipendium Hungaricum scholarship for full-tuition study at Hungarian universities. EU Blue Card from ~€21,000 entry-level (most accessible in the EU), White Card for digital nomads with non-Hungarian income.

EU

France

Passeport Talent for qualified employees at 1.8× SMIC, VLS-TS student visa through Campus France, and a clean path to the 10-year Carte de Résident.

EU

Germany

Europe's largest economy and the most permissive moment for South Asian skilled workers in two decades. Opportunity Card with 6-point gateway, EU Blue Card from €43,759, settlement in 21 months with B1 German.

EU

Lithuania

EU Blue Card at €2,408/month (one of the lowest thresholds in the EU). National D visa for skilled workers, Startup Visa for tech founders, Schengen-area residency with permanent residence in 5 years.

EU

Netherlands

Highly Skilled Migrant with IND-recognised sponsors and 2-week decisions. Orientation Year for graduates of top-200 universities. 30% tax ruling for eligible newcomers.

EU

Spain

Startups Law made Spain one of Europe's most modern immigration menus. Digital Nomad Visa for remote workers, Non-Lucrative for retirees, Highly Qualified Professional via UGE fast-track.

United Kingdom FAQ

Questions we hear most often

Yes, and it's the cleanest route to UK ILR for Pakistani graduates of UK universities. You need a Certificate of Sponsorship from a Home Office-licensed employer, your role at RQF 3 or above, and salary at the going rate for your SOC code. New-entrant salary discounts of 30% apply if you finished your degree within the previous two years, which brings the floor for many roles down to about £30,960. The switch is filed in-country online; you can continue working for your existing employer while the application is processed, and your five-year ILR clock starts the day the Skilled Worker visa is granted, not when you arrived in the UK as a student.

On Skilled Worker, Health and Care Worker, Spouse and most other work and family routes, you cannot be absent from the UK for more than 180 days in any rolling 12-month period during the five-year qualifying span. The rolling-window aspect catches people out: it's not 180 days per calendar year, it's any 12-month window. Two long trips back to Pakistan in the same year can break it. We calendar your travel a year ahead for every client on a settlement track, flag any month where the rolling total hits 150 days, and recommend re-entry timing accordingly. Pre-Skilled-Worker history (e.g. Student visa years) doesn't count toward the qualifying period, but the absence rule still applies to your current 5-year cycle.

Not for the initial visa or any renewal. You need it at the ILR application and again at naturalisation if you go on to apply for British citizenship. The test pulls 24 multiple-choice questions from the official Life in the UK handbook, which covers British history, culture, politics and law. Pass mark is 75% (18 of 24 correct). We give clients a structured 6-week study plan three months before their ILR application is due. Most clients pass on the first attempt; those who don't usually retake within two weeks at no major delay.

Yes, for the first 12 months of UK residence. After that you must pass the UK theory test and practical test to keep driving. Pakistan is not on the UK's bilateral exchange list, so you cannot just swap the licence over. We include this in the on-arrival checklist with the timeline to book the tests, and we recommend booking the theory test within the first six months to give yourself two attempts before the deadline if needed.

You get 60 calendar days to find a new sponsored employment offer or you must leave the UK. The visa technically remains valid but cannot be used to work for the suspended sponsor. We check sponsor licence standing on the GOV.UK public Register of Worker and Temporary Worker sponsor licences before recommending any role to a client. For active clients, we maintain a back-up sponsor shortlist in your sector and keep your CV ready for redeployment. The 60-day clock is hard, but in 11 years of practice every client we've supported through a sponsor-loss event has secured new sponsorship within the window.

Want a UK visa filed by someone who reads every Statement of Changes?

Book a free 45-minute consultation to review your profile against today's UK rules, not last year's. You leave the call with a written assessment, a salary or financial roadmap, and an honest probability rating for the route that fits your case best. No obligation after.

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